V angleškem jeziku poznamo dva pogosta načina za tvorjenje stavkov. Najpogosteje stavek izrazimo kot active (voice), oziroma tvornik v slovenskem jeziku. To je način, ki se ga v angleščini najprej naučimo.
Primeri:
I like chocolate.
We are doing homework.
Did Serena see you?
They were sleeping at midnight.
Has George lost his passport?
You won’t believe what he has told me.
ACTIVE STAVEK je najbolj razširjen način izražanja v angleščini, pri katerem:
1. Stavek v trdilni obliki začnemo z osebkom (tisti človek, žival ali predmet, ki v tem stavku nekaj počne / je počel / bo počel), nato dodamo glagol v ustrezni obliki in času. Sledi še predmet in/ali prislovno določilo kraja oziroma časa ali cel stavek.
Primeri:
I have coffee in the morning.
Joe is writing a new book.
Beth called me last night.
They were driving to the concert.
We will win the game tomorrow.
You have eaten all the fruit.
2. Stavek v nikalni obliki začnemo z osebkom (tisti človek, žival ali predmet, ki v tem stavku nekaj počne / je počel / bo počel), nato dodamo nikalnico (besedo, s katero zanikamo, največkrat je to pomožni glagol + not) in glagol v ustrezni obliki in času. Sledi še predmet in/ali prislovno določilo kraja oziroma časa ali cel stavek.
Primeri:
She doesn’t drive a big car.
I’m not making dinner.
My friends didn’t see you.
Barbara wasn’t reading a book.
You haven’t seen the film yet.
Jack won’t come.
3. Stavek v vprašalni obliki začnemo z vprašalnico oziroma s pomožnim glagolom (odvisno od tipa vprašanja), nato dodamo osebek (tisti človek, žival ali predmet, ki v tem stavku nekaj počne / je počel / bo počel) in nadaljujemo z glagolom v ustrezni obliki in času. Sledi še predmet in/ali prislovno določilo kraja oziroma časa ali cel stavek.
Primeri:
Does she ride a bicycle?
Is he typing an email?
Why did they buy a new house?
Have you read the book yet?
Will the weather hold for our picnic?
When had they visited John?
Oblika passive stavka (trpnik v slovenščini) je odvisna od tega, iz katerega angleškega časa izhajamo. Angleški časi se med seboj razlikujejo (predvsem) po tem, da ima vsak od njih drugačno obliko glagola (pogosto v kombinaciji s pomožnikom) in ga zaradi tega takoj prepoznamo in ločimo od ostalih časov.
Podobno velja za passive stavke. Večina časov pozna tako active kot passive različico. Tudi pri passive stavkih lahko zaradi različnih glagolskih oblik takoj vidimo, v katerem angleškem času je passive stavek uporabljen.
Active in passive stavke tvorimo tudi s pomočjo različnih modalnih glagolov, najpogosteje s can, could, should, must in might.
ACTIVE
They grow coffee in Brazil.
My mum doesn’t often make the dessert.
Do people usually like chocolate?
PASSIVE
Coffee is grown in Brazil.
The dessert isn’t often made by my mum.
Is chocolate usually liked?
ACTIVE
Someone wrote the book in English.
They didn’t tell me the news.
Did Sarah do the dishes?
PASSIVE
The book was written in English.
I wasn’t told the news.
Were the dishes done by Sarah?
ACTIVE
Someone will pick up the parcel at 1 p.m.
People won’t visit the seaside in the winter.
Will Bernie do the job?
PASSIVE
The parcel will be picked up at 1 p.m.
The seaside won’t be visited in the winter.
Will the job be done by Bernie?
ACTIVE
Jack is driving the blue car.
Bess isn’t cooking the dinner.
Are they visiting the new location?
PASSIVE
The blue car is being driven by Jack.
The dinner isn’t being cooked by Bess.
Is the new location being visited?
ACTIVE
Someone was following me.
Mia wasn’t doing the homework.
Were they calling you about the new job?
PASSIVE
I was being followed.
The homework wasn’t being done by Mia.
Were you being called about the new job?
ACTIVE
Jane has helped me a lot.
They haven’t put on the sun cream.
Has Dr. Smith treated Becca?
PASSIVE
I have been helped a lot by Jane.
The sun cream hasn’t been put on.
Has Becca been treated by Dr. Smith?
ACTIVE
The university had accepted my application.
They hadn’t invited Elisabeth.
Had Rob broken the new window?
PASSIVE
My application had been accepted.
Elisabeth hadn’t been invited.
Had the new window been broken by Rob?
ACTIVE
Thea can repair your car.
We can’t play music on this old piano.
Can they finish the race?
PASSIVE
Your car can be repaired by Thea.
Music can’t be played on this old piano.
Can the race be finished?
ACTIVE
Jake could bring in your shopping.
They couldn’t drive the bus.
Could Mary call the tax office?
PASSIVE
Your shopping could be brought in by Jake.
The bus couldn’t be driven.
Could the tax office be called by Mary?
ACTIVE
We must fight their unfair rules.
Eric mustn’t see the documents.
Must they obey all the rules?
PASSIVE
Their unfair rules must be fought.
The documents mustn’t be seen by Eric.
Must all the rules be obeyed?
ACTIVE
People should study mathematics more.
Teachers shouldn’t make exams too easy.
Should my dad pay the bill?
PASSIVE
Mathematics should be studied more.
Exams shouldn’t be made too easy.
Should the bill be paid by my dad?
ACTIVE
They might cancel the match.
We might not complete it on time.
Might they invite us to their party?
PASSIVE
The match might be cancelled.
It might not be completed on time.
Might we be invited to their party?
Formula za enostaven TRDILNI ACTIVE stavek v angleščini:
Subject (osebek) + verb (glagol) + object (predmet) + ostalo
People (osebek) make (glagol) wine (predmet) in Slovenia (ostalo).
V tem stavku je osebek people aktiven (nekaj počne), zato je to active stavek, v slovenščini ga imenujemo tvornik. Če želimo active stavek spremeniti v passive, v slovenščini trpnik, to naredimo v štirih korakih:
1. korak:
Predmet iz active stavka (wine) postavimo na prvo mesto v passive stavku, na ta način ga spremenimo v osebek v passive stavku. Beseda (ali besedna zveza), ki je predmet v active stavku, postane osebek v passive stavku.
“Wine”
2. korak:
Dodamo pomožni glagol BE v ustreznem času, v tem primeru present simple času (am, is, are).
“Wine is”
3. korak:
Glavni glagol (make) postavimo v obliko, ki jo imenujemo pretekli deležnik, oziroma tretja oblika glagola. Stavek zdaj lahko zaključimo s preostalim besedilom (in Slovenia).
“Wine is made in Slovenia.”
Lahko pa nadaljujemo na 4. korak:
Tukaj (lahko) povemo, kdo ali kaj je vršilec dejanja. Dodamo ga samo, če je pomemben za razumevanje stavka. V tem primeru vršilca dejanja (people) ne dodamo, saj ne pripomore k boljšemu razumevanju stavka.
V našem primeru je vršilec samoumeven (vino lahko pridelujejo samo ljudje). Če ga želimo vseeno omeniti, najprej dodamo predlog by in nato še vršilca dejanja (people).
“Wine is made in Slovenia (by people).”
Na tak način smo dobili passive stavek, v katerem je osebek (subject) pasiven. To pomeni, da osebek ničesar ne počne, ampak se mu nekaj zgodi (vinu se zgodi, da je pridelano v Sloveniji).
Pri active stavkih nas zanima osebek (subject), oziroma KDO ali KAJ je tisti / tista / tisto, ki je vršilec dejanja oziroma odgovoren za dejanje.
Pri passive stavkih pa nas bolj zanima tisto, KAJ se dogaja / se je zgodilo / se bo zgodilo itd., in NE kdo ali kaj je tisti / tista / tisto (vršilec dejanja), ki je za to dejanje odgovoren / odgovorna.
Dejanje (kaj se zgodi) je pomembnejše od tega, kdo je vršilec dejanja.
Kot smo že omenili, v passivu vršilca dejanja (tistega, ki je za dejanje odgovoren) omenimo le v primeru, ko je to pomembno za razumevanje stavka.
Primeri:
The poem was written by Prešeren.
I was invited to the party by Fred.
Sandwiches will be prepared by my dad.
She has been visited by her best friend.
Ko vršilec dejanja ni znan, ni pomemben ali je samoumeven, tega ne omenjamo.
Primeri:
My phone was stolen.
(Pomembno je, da je bil telefon ukraden, da ga nimam več, ne pa, kdo je to storil.)
All the biscuits were eaten.
(Ni pomembno, kdo je pojedel piškote, ampak dejstvo, da jih ni več.)
Mama reče hčeri: The room must be cleaned by Friday.
(Vršilec dejanja je jasen/samoumeven, mama se pogovarja s hčerko in ji naroča, kdaj mora biti soba počiščena.)
Direktor zaposlenim: The project has been handled badly.
(Vršilec dejanja je jasen/samoumeven, gre za zaposlene v podjetju, obenem pa direktor ne želi nikogar izpostaviti z imenom in priimkom.)
PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS PASSIVE
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
PAST CONTINUOUS PASSIVE
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PASSIVE
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PASSIVE
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
MODAL VERBS PASSIVE
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
