V primerih, ko želimo nekomu povedati/sporočiti, kaj je rekel/vprašal/ukazal nekdo drug (prijateljica, sorodnik, učiteljica oziroma kdorkoli), lahko to storimo na dva načina:
1. Uporabimo premi govor, ki je sestavljen iz dveh delov:
a) Prvi del se imenuje dobesedni navedek, v katerem natančno navedemo vse besede, ki smo jih od sogovornika/ce slišali in jih v takšni obliki tudi sporočimo naprej.
b) Drugi del imenujemo spremni stavek, v katerem omenimo, kdo je tisti/a, ki nam je nekaj povedal/a.
Vrstni red dobesednega navedka in spremnega stavka lahko zamenjamo. Raba ločil pri slovenščini in angleščini se rahlo razlikuje (dvopičje, vejica). Premi govor se v angleščini imenuje direct speech.
Premi govor v slovenščini:
Mama je rekla: “Pripravila bom makarone.” ali
“Pripravila bom makarone,” je rekla mama.
Direct speech v angleščini:
My mum said, “I’m going to make macaroni.” ali
“I’m going to make macaroni,” my mum said.
2. Uporabimo odvisni govor (tudi sporočilni govor), v angleščini reported speech (ali indirect speech).
Odvisni govor (reported speech po angleško) uporabimo, ko želimo obnoviti ali povzeti besede nekoga drugega. Pri tem ne citiramo oziroma navajamo besed kot so bile dobesedno izrečene ali zapisane ampak prenesemo le osnovni smisel sporočila, ki je bilo povedano oziroma sporočilo (kaj je nekdo rekel) le obnovimo.
Odvisni govor v slovenščini:
Mama je rekla, da bo pripravila makarone.
Reported speech v angleščini:
My mum said (that) she was going to make macaroni.
REPORTED SPEECH PRAVILA
Najbolj znano pravilo, ki ga upoštevamo pri tvorjenju reported speech stavka, je pravilo “en čas nazaj” ali backshift po angleško.
Če nam sogovornica nekaj pove v sedanjem času (I drink tea. – present simple čas), moramo glagol v reported speechu povedati oziroma zapisati v preteklem času (She drank tea – past simple čas).
Pri tem se zavedamo, da glagol sicer premaknemo za en čas nazaj, obenem pa smo v mislih še vedno v tistem času, ki ga je naša sogovornica uporabila v svojem osnovnem stavku, v našem primeru v sedanjem času, saj oseba pravi, da pije čaj.
Zelo pomembno je, da glagola ne prevajamo za en čas nazaj. Naša sogovornica iz spodnjega primera Beatrice torej pravi, da pije čaj in NE, da je pila čaj, kot se zdi na prvi pogled, ker je glagol zapisan v pretekli obliki.
Paziti moramo tudi, da v reported speech pravilno pretvorimo tudi nekatere druge besede, predvsem osebne zaimke in nekatere časovne izraze. V našem primeru smo zaimek I pretvorili v zaimek she.
Primer:
Direct speech
Beatrice said, “I drink tea every day.”
Prevod: Beatrice je rekla, “Čaj pijem vsak dan.”
Reported speech
Beatrice said (that) she drank tea every day.
Prevod: Beatrice je rekla, da čaj pije vsak dan.
Reported speech stavke poznamo v treh različicah:
1. REPORTED STATEMENTS (običajni trdilni in nikalni stavki)
2. REPORTED QUESTIONS (vprašanja)
3. REPORTED COMMANDS AND REQUESTS (ukazi, zahteve, napotki, želje)
Reported statement stavek je (kot v slovenščini) sestavljen iz dveh delov:
a) Stavek pričnemo z reporting clause (spremni stavek), kjer omenimo kdo je povedal, rekel, omenil, zatrdil…
Primeri:
John said…
Anna told me…
Bea explained…
Josh claimed…
Sonia admitted…
b) Sledi reported clause (odvisni stavek po slovensko), kjer povemo, kaj nam je oseba sporočila/rekla. Kot smo že omenili, besed sogovornika ne navedemo dobesedno ampak jih le obnovimo.
Pri tem:
1.) Uporabimo pravilo en čas nazaj (backshift).
2.) Pravilno spremenimo zaimke.
3.) Pravilno uporabimo časovne izraze.
Mia said, ” I like flowers.”
“I’m reading a novel,” he told me.
Jack said, “I ate the whole pizza.”
“I was cooking dinner,” Ann told us.
She said, “I have seen Ben in the zoo.”
They admitted, “We have been lying to you.”
“I will finish my homework,” my son promised.
“I can swim,” my George proudly said.
They said, “We must stop running.”
Mia said she liked flowers.
He told me he was reading a novel.
Jack said he had eaten the whole pizza.
Ann told us she had been cooking dinner.
She said she had seen Ben in the zoo.
They admitted they had been lying to me.
My son promised he would finish his homework.
My George proudly said he could swim.
They said they had to stop running.
Reported question stavek je prav tako sestavljen iz dveh delov:
a) Stavek pričnemo z reporting clause (spremni stavek), kjer omenimo kdo je vprašal, poizvedoval, se pozanimal…
Primeri:
John asked…
Anna wanted to know…
Bea inquired…
Josh wondered…
b) Dodamo reported clause (odvisni stavek), kjer povemo, kaj je oseba vprašala/poizvedovala. Besed sogovornika tudi tukaj ne navajamo dobesedno ampak jih le obnovimo.
Pri tem:
1.) Uporabimo pravilo en čas nazaj (backshift).
2.) Pravilno spremenimo zaimke.
3.) Pravilno uporabimo časovne izraze.
4.) Uporabimo trdilno obliko glagola, NE vprašalne.
She asked me, “What do you do at weekends?”
“Are you making lunch?” my daughter asked.
My mum wanted to know, “Where were you?”
“Why were you reading the book?” he asked.
Jack asked me, “What have you done with it?”
“Have you been studying?” she asked.
“What will you do with the cat?” Maria asked.
She wanted to know, “Must you go home?”
She asked me what I did at weekends.
My daughter asked if I was making lunch.
My mum wanted to know where I had been.
He asked why I had been reading a book.
Jack asked me what I had done with it.
She asked whether I had been studying.
Maria asked what I would do with the cat.
She wanted to know if I had to go home.
Reported command ali reported request uporabimo, ko želimo povedati, kaj si je nekdo zaželel (request), ukazal (command) ali prepovedal (ban,forbid).
Stavek, kot smo zdaj že vajeni, začnemo z reporting clause (spremni stavek), kjer omenimo kdo je ukazal, prosil, prepovedal.
Nadaljujemo z ustreznim glagolom (asked, ordered, commanded, forbade…) v preteklem času / past simple času.
Sledi izraz, s katerim povemo komu je bilo ukazano (me, him, my friend…), ter dodamo še to + glagol v osnovni obliki (ko gre za željo ali ukaz) oziroma not to + glagol v osnovni obliki (ko gre za prepoved).
Primeri:
John asked me to go shopping with him.
Anna told us not to drink the dirty water.
Bea forbade Jack to talk about her school grades.
Josh wanted us to push his car uphill.
John ordered me to give him the book.
Charlie warned me not to eat his sandwich.
My teacher advised me to study more.
She urged me not to spend so much money on clothes.
Her mum instructed her to eat with her mouth closed.
Pri reported commands in requests:
1.) Pravilno spremenimo zaimke.
2.) Pravilno uporabimo časovne izraze.
3.) Uporabimo to + glagol v osnovni obliki
oziroma not to + glagol v osnovni obliki.
She asked me, “Can you open the window?”
“Do your homework!” ordered my mum.
The policeman warned us, “Don’t cross the road here.”
“You should see the doctor,” Tom said to me.
Jack instructed me, “Change the printer toner.”
“Please, don’t travel in bad weather,” she urged me.
“You have to wash the car, my son!” Maria demanded.
“Never come back to this town!” Beth warned to me.
She asked me to open the window.
My mum ordered me to do my homework.
The policeman warned us not to cross the road there.
Tom advised me to see the doctor.
Jack instructed me to change the printer toner.
She urged me not to travel in bad weather.
Maria demanded from her son to wash the car.
Beth warned me to never come back to that town.
REPORTED SPEECH
PRESENT SIMPLE in PRESENT CONTINUOUS
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
REPORTED SPEECH
PAST SIMPLE in PAST CONTINUOUS
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
REPORTED SPEECH PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
in PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
REPORTED SPEECH PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
in PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
REPORTED SPEECH
GOING TO FUTURE in WILL FUTURE
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
REPORTED SPEECH
MODAL VERBS
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
MODAL VERBS PASSIVE
vaje z rešitvami v PDF obliki.
